Animal Cells


Mitochondria

• Power house of the cells.
• Process of Respiration takes place here.

Respiration Equation

$C6​H12​O6​+6O2​→6CO2​+6H2​O+ATP$

$GLUCOSE + OXYGEN → CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ENERGY$

• Cells from your muscles has more mitochondria than those for example in your cheek.
• Where more energy is needed, there will be more mitochondria in the cells.

Cell Membrane

• Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
• Partially Permeable.
• Gives cell its Shape.

Cytoplasm

• Clear like jelly substance made up of 70% water with dissolved salts and minerals,
• All chemical reactions take place here.

Nucleus

• The brain of the cells
• Controls all activities of the cell.
• Contains genetic information for reproduction.

Ribosomes

• Important for synthesis of protein molecules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

• Contains ribosomes attached to it.
• Packages and assembles proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

• Have no ribosomes attached to it.
• Responsible for packaging fats and lipids.

Animal Cells have an irregular roundish shape

Plant Cells

ALL ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ARE FOUND IN A PLANT CELL.


Cell Wall

• Made up of Cellulose (tough material).
• Fully Permeable.

Chloroplast

• Has a green pigment called chlorophyl.
• Absorbs energy from sunlight to carry out a process called photosynthesis.

Large Permanent Vacuole

• Filled with cell sap.
• Animal Cells have vacuoles which are normally small and temporary.

Plant Cells have a Box Like Shape

Differences

Unicellular Organisms

• Organisms that only has 1 type of cell.
• Examples: Amoeba & Bacteria.

Multicellular Organisms

• Organisms that have more that 1 type of cell.
• Examples: Plants & Animals

Cell Specialization

Movement In & Out of Cells

Diffusion

This is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Factors that Affect Diffusion

Concentration gradient (bigger difference = faster diffusion)

• Temperature (higher = faster movement)
• Surface area (larger = faster diffusion)
• Distance (shorter = faster diffusion)
• Size of particles (smaller = faster diffusion)

Amoeba Diffusion

Amoeba are single celled organisms.

Amoeba exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion through its cell membrane.

Diffusion in Living Organisms

Used for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in lungs, leaves, and cells.

Osmosis

Movement of water from a region of high water concentration to low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane.

Active Transport

Movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration using energy (ATP).

Isotonic Solution

Same concentration inside and outside the cell → no net movement of water.

Hypotonic Solution

More water outside the cell → water enters the cell → cell swells.

Hypertonic Solution

Less water outside the cell → water leaves the cell → cell shrinks.

Visking Tube

A partially permeable membrane used to model diffusion and osmosis in experiments.

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