Development & Underdevelopment
Key Definitions, Characteristics
Author:Syed Ali
Edu Level: Unit2
Date: Aug 11 2025 - 9:44 PM
⏱️Read Time:
Development and Underdevelopment
Definition of Development
According to the United Nations, development is a multidimensional process aimed at achieving a higher quality of life for all people. It involves:
- High standards of living and improved quality of life.
- Full and efficient use of resources.
- Replacement of traditional methods with modern technology.
- Stable, fair income where people receive value for their earnings.
- Gradual and lasting improvements in living conditions that benefit the entire society, not just a minority.
Economic Classifications
- More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) – higher wealth, quality of life, and infrastructure.
- Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) – lower wealth and living standards; greater inequality in wealth and well-being.
- Historically:
-
- First World – developed, capitalist nations.
- Second World – communist nations.
- Third World – developing nations.
Underdevelopment
Definition: A state of low development marked by:
- Low per capita income.
- Widespread poverty.
- Low life expectancy and literacy rates.
- Underutilized resources.
Characteristics:
- Resources not fully used; reliance on traditional practices.
- Large-scale poverty with a small elite enjoying high living standards.
- Potential for improvement if modern technology, mechanized labor, and capital investment are introduced.
Causes of Underdevelopment:
- Colonial history.
- Overdependence on one economic sector.
- Neglect of other industries.
- Overpopulation.
- Government corruption.
- Poor healthcare and sanitation.
Note: Developing countries progress at different rates. Nations such as India, China, and Brazil have recently shown significant economic growth.
Sustainable Development
Definition: Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
- Focuses on balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity (as emphasized in the 1987 Brundtland Report).
- Encourages renewable energy use over non-renewable sources.
- Ensures basic needs—food, shelter, healthcare, and education—are met.
Key Considerations:
- Population growth and carrying capacity (the number of people that can be supported by a country’s resources).
- Overpopulation strains resources and hinders sustainability.
- Population control is often necessary for sustainable development.
Important Terms
Standard of Living
- The level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic group or area.
- The material wealth and income available to an individual or community.
Quality of Life
- The degree to which an individual is healthy, comfortable, and able to enjoy life events.
- A person’s perception of their position in life relative to their culture, value system, goals, expectations, and concerns.
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