Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is a branch of chemistry involving the study of organic compounds (a compound which contains a carbon atom, with the exception of carbon oxides and carbonates). Since Carbon possesses an electronic configuration of 2,4, it bonds covalently with other non-metals and metals. In organic compounds, each carbon atom must be complete with its four covalent bonds.

Types of Car bon Bonds

1. Single Bonds

   

   A compound in which all the carbon atoms are in a bond with four other atoms (single bond) is referred to as a saturated compound.

2. Double or Multiple Bonds

   

   A compound in which there a multiple bond (double or triple bond) is referred to as an unsaturated compound. Note, each carbon atom must still have four covalent bonds present.

Homologous Series

Important Terminology to Note:

1. Empirical Formula: the most straightforward integer ratio of the atoms found within a molecule.
2. Molecular Formula: the exact number of atoms present in a molecule.

e.g Molecular Formula: H₂O₂ and Empirical Formula: HO

3. General Formula: a representation of the atoms in a group of compounds. e.g the general formula for alkenes is CₙH₂ₙ where n ≥ 2

4. Functional Group: the part of an organic compound which determines how it will react as well as most of its major properties. e.g. the functional group of alkenes it the Carbon-Carbon double bond

5. Structural Formula: displays the bonding positions of atoms in a molecule.

e.g The Structural Formula of Propane

Organic compounds with similar chemical properties, the same general formula and a gradual progression of physical properties are classified in groups known as homologous series.

All members of a homologous series have the same general characteristics:

1. The same general formula
2. Similar chemical properties
3. A graduation in physical properties e.g boiling and melting points
4. The same functional group